THE ART OF VIDEO GAMES
CAN VIDEO GAMES BE ART?
Written By Angie Harvey
For well over a decade, the debate about whether or not video games can be classed as a form of art has circulated amongst gamers, parents, critics and even philosophers. While this debate has persisted there has still been no definitive answer as to whether or not this medium can be classed as a form of art and this is rightly so. For many, the word “video game” is a term that people relate to shooting, killing, profanity and a pure waste of time with some renown critics even stating that “video games represent a loss of those precious hours we have available to make ourselves more cultured, civilized and empathetic” [1] With this being the general consensus on video games, how can one even begin to declare that video games are a form of art because as it seems, video games are just another mindless activity that stunts a person’s personal growth and dare I say, make them a bad person?
How can one argue this case when over the years the media has portrayed video games in a light that does not completely represent the medium as a whole? This is following of the masses at its finest as many hang on the words from these critics as they take it at face value without ever playing a single video game. Renowned Game Designer and Co-Founder of the International Game Developers Association, Ernest Adams, has given his opinion on the matter and has stated that “Video games are an easy target because, unlike the movies, games have no powerful friends and no beautiful film stars to argue for them.” [2]
As a passionate gamer and student of Game Design, I strongly disagree with the statements made above and believe that 2015 could be the beginning of a change and quite possibly the year that video games finally begin to receive acceptance and recognition as a form of art.
Before I continue I would like to address the statements made above as it is quite evident that some video games do fall into the categories of uncultured and purely escapist entertainment. But it is ultimately very important that people do understand that many video games do hold artistic elements such as emotion, intent, skill and beauty. These video games alone have the power to prove that this medium has the ability to show artistic expression.
So the question still remains, can video games be art and if so, what allows them to be classified as an art form?
Definition Of Art
Before we can begin evaluating video games as a form of art, we need to discuss what art actually is and how it can be defined.
Defining a topic such as Art would generally be conceived as a fairly simple task, but in all honesty, it is far from simple. Art is a word of many definitions or no definition at all. Written in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy it is discussed that the definition of art is controversial in contemporary philosophy with many wondering whether art can even be defined. [3] Other Philosophers have also debated the usefulness of a definition for Art and wonder if it is even needed.
If modern philosophers struggle to define what art is, would that mean that art is ultimately subjective? Clive Bell, an early nineteenth century English Artist and Philosopher, stated in the Historical and Philosophical Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage that “We have no other means of recognizing a work of art than our feelings for it.” [4]
With that being said, Art is a debate purely of its own but I thought it would be essential to show this side of the argument as Art can be perceived in a number of different ways with no definitive right or wrong answer.
For the purpose of this report, I will be using the two following definitions to help determine whether or not video games can be classed as a form of art. The first definition of art is supplied by the Encyclopaedia of Britannica in which they state that art is “The skill or imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others.”[5]
The second definition that will be used is from Dictionary.com in which they state that Art is “The quality, production, expression, or realm, according to Aesthetic principles of what is beautiful, appealing or of more than ordinary significance. [6]
Typically, art is always broken down into its classical forms of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Literature. One of Video Games closest forms of art, Film, had gained their acceptance as an art form purely because they showed key elements of arts classical forms. By saying this and analysing the definitions above, one can quickly come to the conclusion that Art consists of two key elements.
Form and Content are the two key elements that make Art. Form can be described as the works style, technique, media and how the elements of art and principles of design are implemented. Content is more idea based as it refers to the works essences, it’s meaning and ultimately how it impacts the viewer. [7]
After defining art and analysing what key element make up art, one can easily start to question why Video Games are not among the list of official art forms as they do hold a number of key elements that were discussed above.
Now that this has been discussed, we can begin to examine Video Games as an Art Form.
Video Games As An Art Form
Before you can begin to determine whether or not a video game is a form of art, one must firstly evaluate both of the arguments that are for and against this particular topic. To do this, I will be taking the opinions of critics, game developers and gamers to help determine whether or not video games can be a form of art and if so, what core elements are needed for them to be classed as such a form. To begin, I will be evaluating the response from a renowned film critic, Roger Ebert, who had a very strong opinion on this matter.
Roger Ebert was a writer for the Chicago Sun-Times and had written a blog post on his website in 2005 stating that “Video games by their nature require player choices, which is the opposite of the strategy of serious film and literature, which requires authorial control. I am prepared to believe that video games can be elegant, subtle, sophisticated, challenging and visually wonderful. But I believe the nature of the medium prevents it from moving beyond craftsmanship to the stature of art.” [8] This statement at first glance seems to be reasonable and justified until one begins to look deeper. Upon further consideration, one would easily begin to question this statement made by Ebert due to the simple fact of viewing art work that has intentionally indistinct meaning. One prime example would be to ask someone to look at a painting and attempt to establish a meaning from it. Upon doing this, the viewer will begin to actively participate in the enjoyment of that particular art piece. By allowing the viewer to establish their own interpretation of this particular art piece, the artist is essentially handing over authorial control to the viewer.
The same can be said with any film that contains a cliff hanger ending as this particular ending allows the audience to form their own conclusion on how the film is supposed to end. Although the ending may be open ended for the viewer to interpret, the filmmaker or potentially artist that created the film would have indeed had an ending of their own. Hence, if this ending is not the same as the viewers, the artist has then handed over authorial control to the viewer. Does this mean that a vast majority of films have suddenly lost their title of art? Unlikely in Ebert’s opinion.
However, in Ebert’s statement he believes that video games provide the player with far too much control. This however, is far from the truth as video games provide the player with the illusion that they can do whatever he or she wishes. This could include but isn’t limited to: Exploring their surrounding environments, interacting with optional prompts or even choosing different methods to play through the game. Every action or seemly every time that the player feels free to do whatever they wish is intentionally determined by the developer as they use a complex set of unseen rules, technical boundaries and art assets to ultimately form a game. [9] In saying this, although the player may feel to be free to do whatever they wish, they are actually still following the authorial control set by the artists that developed the game. With this being said, one can easily begin to question the creditability of Ebert’s statement as one of his core arguments in the matter is suddenly flawed.
Another challenge that video games face is in relation to their artistic values as many argue that since video games are interactive they cannot be compared to the likes of literature or film as the viewer only observes and does not partake. Renowned filmmaker Steven Spielberg has voiced his issues with videogames as he believes that “The second you get the controller, something turns off in the heart”. [10] This statement suggests that the moment we pick up a controller, we begin to distance ourselves emotionally from the game. He also seems to imply that the level of interactivity that we partake in within a video game alters the connection we have with not only the story but the game as a whole.
Steven later went on to state that “I think the key divide between interactive media and the narrative media that we do is the difficulty in opening up an empathic pathway between the gamer and the character — as differentiated from the audience and the characters in a movie or a television show.”[9] This key divide was then referenced as a ‘great abyss’ as he believes video games core function, game playing itself, is part of the main problem. If Steven believes that interactivity, the core basis of what video games are built around, is the main reason for preventing emotion, then as a result, how can video games be classed as an art form as all definitions state that art is the process of evoking emotion or significance from its audience. If this is the case then Steven believes that video games cannot be art and will never be art until the issues surrounding interactivity are solved.
But what if interactivity is what makes videogames so powerful to begin with? Naughty Dog, a veteran game development studio based in Santa Monica, has been responsible for producing some of the industry’s most iconic games and with their most recent release, The Last of Us in 2013 it was anything but a disappointment. The Last of Us was one of the most ground breaking videogames to date as the developer has proven that video games can possess many artistic qualities.
Further in the article Steven also stated that even the most empathic experience within a videogame can easily lose the artists authorial control as he states “As players started to play the game they stopped looking at the baby as a human being and they started looking at the baby as a score… So they were looking at the numbers they were racking up, and the baby became parenthetical to the calculation in scoring more points than your friends and being able to brag about it at school the next day." This is a great example to bring up as certain games allow for player choices, making them the prevalent reason in the overall outcome of the game. This at times, if not developed correctly, can break the immersion and often remove the player from the experience they are receiving, hence, losing the emotional connection they once had with the character in favour of receiving a high score.
However, this is not the case for all videogames, as games such as The Last of Us do not allow the player to deviate from artist’s authorial control as the games narrative is set down a path that is not based around player choices. The only choices that the player can make is within the gameplay itself, as the player can choose if they wish to interact with the surrounding environment or decide which method, stealth or guns blazing, is best suited to each particular situation they are faced with. None of these choices that come into play affect the narrative outcome of the game.
Renowned game developers have also expressed their opinions on the matter and identified key aspects as to why they believe that videogames deserve to be recognised as an art form. Tim Schafer has provided his own definition of art, stating that “Art is about creatively expressing thoughts or emotions that are hard or impossible to communicate through literal, verbal means.”[11] Schafer than continued to make a very bold statement claiming that “Games are not just art, they are the most revolutionary form of art mankind has ever known about”. [11] Game Developer, Denis Dyack agrees with Schafer’s statement, concluding that “I feel video games are probably the most advanced form of art thus far in human history. Not only do video games encompass many of the traditional forms of art (text, sound, video, imagery), but they also uniquely tie these art forms together with interactivity.” As it can be seen, game developers are beginning to accept their work as a form of art and just like previous mediums, novels, music and comic books, the previous generations from the likes of Roger Ebert and Steven Spielberg who had not grown up with video games, are having trouble grasping and unwillingness to accept video games as a legitimate form of art.
As previously mentioned, art contains two key elements, form and content. It is my belief that video games, such as The Last of Us contain aspects and qualities that easily fit into these two key elements that make up art. The Last of Us was developed in 2013 by game developer Naughty Dog and follows the story of Joel, a hardened survivor, and Ellie, a young teenage girl as they journey across a country stricken by an infectious pandemic. The two will face challenges that will not only push their humanity to the limit but also their will to survive. Throughout the game, the player will experience themes such survival, loyalty, love, and redemption as the player forms an emotional connection with both characters as they journey across what remains of the USA.
Right from the very beginning The Last of Us provides the player with an emotional punch as the game provokes such an emotional connection to the characters, which can only be found within the medium of video games. The narrative, unlike film, allows you to interact with the environment and control the characters as you witness first hand their seemly ordinary world get turned upside down. Although this may seem similar to television and films, it is anything but, as the player gets to navigate through their world, discovering the chaos that is unfolding around them. You also get to experience moments of pure fear and emotion as you personally interact with particular event triggers. This connection immerses the player in such a way that the player feels as if they must protect the characters at all cost and their decisions within the gameplay are of utmost significance. This level of personal interaction that the player experiences is what sets video games amongst well-known forms of art as games like The Last of Us, are less like a game and more so an emotional experience that will challenge everything that you know about the medium. [12]
The visuals within The Last of Us are stunning and showcases realism at its finest as Naughty Dog have been able to craft an environment that makes the player simply want to stand still and admire their surroundings. The Last of Us uses classical art techniques to keep the player immersed into the game as these techniques are primarily used in their level design to help aid the player in the direction they must travel. These techniques use a number of different methods such as lighting and colour to catch the player’s attention and visual composition that helps attract the player’s eye. [13]
Naughty Dog would not have been able to craft such stunning graphics without having utilised the classical art techniques of painting, sculpture and architecture. The Last of Us has also utilises the classical forms of music and literature to their fullest potential. An Academy Award winning musician was even hired to compose the sound track for The Last of Us. As it can be seen, Naughty Dog has intertwined all of classical art techniques mentioned above to help create their masterpiece, The Last of Us.
After analysing The Last of Us and video games as a whole, one can easily begin to question why video games are not among the list of official art forms. Video games have not only proven that they can provoke more emotion from the player than any other form of media but that they also contain a number of the key elements that are needed for a piece of work to be classified as an art form. Although there is significant proof and evidence that videogames do belong as a form of art, one must first remember that art is ultimately one’s own perception as there is no wrong or right way to successfully define a form of art.
Roger Ebert had once questioned why gamers are so intensely concerned with defining video games as art. Roger went on to further undermine gamers by stating “Do they require validation? In defending their gaming against parents, spouses, children, partners, co-workers or other critics, do they want to be able to look up from the screen and explain, “I’m studying a great form of art?” [14] Ebert’s statement is anything but the truth as gamers do not have any hidden agendas for wanting videogames to be classified as an official art form. The only thing that gamers are truly guilty of is wanting game developers to be rightfully recognised for their work on these forms of art. But ultimately, if art is one’s own perception, I whole heartedly agree that video games are without a doubt one of the most unique forms of art that mankind is yet to see.
Work Citied:
http://www.rogerebert.com/answer-man/why-did-the-chicken-cross-the-genders
http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1850/the_designers_notebook_wheres_.php?print=1
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/art-definition/#TraDef
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4wi7Bdd8sBQC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=We+have+no+other+means+of+recognizing+a+work+of+art+than+our+feeling+for+it&source=bl&ots=qusr5_Gqs7&sig=W-rX2D4CCie6lg3ohOxufC2W2XY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAWoVChMInufInOiJyQIVITOmCh1ubASn#v=onepage&q=We%20have%20no%20other%20means%20of%20recognizing%20a%20work%20of%20art%20than%20our%20feeling%20for%20it&f=false
http://www.britannica.com/topic/the-arts
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/art
http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/what_is_art.htm
http://www.rogerebert.com/answer-man/why-did-the-chicken-cross-the-genders
http://www.engadget.com/2007/07/23/ebert-admits-games-can-be-art-but-not-high-art/
http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/13/4427444/lucas-spielberg-storytelling-in-games-its-not-going-to-be-shakespeare-usc
http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130113/are_games_art_here_we_go_.php?print=1
http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/tech-deck/2014/sep/08/last-us-art-dont-call-it-game/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k70_jvVOcG0
http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/video-games-can-never-be-art
